The three mountainous regions of Osaka, the Hokusetsu, Kongo-Ikoma, and Izumi Mountains, each show distinct geological and geographical features. Climatic difference is not so large among these regions, but owing to the local cultures such as forest management, characteristic vegetation and landscape have developed and been maintained there. Recently, town-development has reached to the mountainous regions and the population engaged in agriculture or forestry has decreased, so the traditional landscapes are frequently discarded and destroyed.

• Trees in coppice woodland
• Stream
• Hokusetu Mountains
• Kongo-Ikoma Mountains
• Izumi Mountains